Stephanie Pfirman
Professor, School of Ocean Futures, College of Global Futures
School of Ocean Futures
Arizona State University
PO Box 877904
Tempe, AZ 85287-7904
Titles
- Senior Global Futures Scientist, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Futures Laboratory
- Professor, School of Ocean Futures, College of Global Futures
Biography
Stephanie Pfirman is Foundation Professor, School of Ocean Futures and Senior Sustainability Scientist in the Global Institute of Sustainability and Innovation. Professor Pfirman's research focuses on understanding and responding to the changing Arctic, developing innovative approaches to formal and informal education, and exploring the intersection between diversity and interdisciplinarity. Her 25+ years of teaching include facilitating capstone/thesis projects, leadership and polar exploration, navigating the new Arctic, climate systems and responding to climate change, museum exhibition design and implementation, innovation in science communication, environmental data analysis, energy resources, and oceanography.
Pfirman has led or co-led ca. $25 million in federal and agency grants spanning research, education and human resources. She is co-PI of two National Science Foundation grants: Navigating the New Arctic Track 1: Collaborative Research: ARC-NAV: Arctic Robust Communities-Navigating Adaptation to Variability and RAPID: Winners and Losers when Science Moves Home: Differential Effects of COVID-19 based on Discipline, Caregiving and Career Stage.
Professor Pfirman’s current Arctic research focuses on implications of changes in sea ice origin, drift, and melt patterns, including the Last Ice Area. Previous research addressed melting and surging glaciers and pollution transported by sea ice. In 2010, Pfirman was elected as a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in the Section on Atmospheric and Hydrospheric Sciences. In 2018, she was elected as at large member to the AAAS Atmospheric and Hydrospheric Sciences section steering group. In 2016, in honor of extraordinary service, Pfirman was designated a lifetime National Associate of the National Research Council.
As a current member of ASU's NSF-supported ADVANCE team and former co-PI Columbia Earth Institute's ADVANCE grant, past member of the AAAS Committee on Opportunities in Science, past President of the Council of Environmental Deans and Directors, and past Chair of the Earth Institute's Faculty Development Committee, Pfirman has helped to understand and foster the career trajectories of women and interdisciplinary scholars. She has also contributed to the development of innovative educational approaches in interdisciplinary, environmental, and STEM education through leading as PI the NSF-supported 7-year, $7 million Polar Learning and Responding: PoLAR Climate Change Education Partnership, co-producing the card game "EcoChains" which received a Parent's Choice award, as well as chairing the Education Committee of the Columbia Earth Institute, and serving as a consultant for the Sherman Fairchild, Andrew W. Mellon, and Luce foundations, and being a reviewer for the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Prior leadership includes twice a member of NSF’s Advisory Committee for Environmental Research and Education (AC-ERE), including serving as the AC-ERE’s first Chair when it was established over a decade ago, Chair of NSF’s Advisory Committee to the Office of Polar Programs, member of the NSF Advisory Committee for evaluation of the Science, Engineering and Education for Sustainability (SEES) Portfolio, member of the National Academy of Science’s Polar Research Board, co-Chair of the NAS study committee on Emerging Research Questions in the Arctic, Chair of the NAS study committee on the Scientific Value of the Arctic Sea Ice Imagery Derived Products, and member of the NAS study committee on the Legacy and Lessons of International Polar Year 2007-2008.
Before joining Arizona State University in 2018, Pfirman was Barnard College Professor of Environmental Science and Alena Wels Hirschorn '58 and Martin Hirschorn Professor of Environmental and Applied Sciences, and co-Chair of the Department of Environmental Science. She held a joint appointment with Columbia University where she was a member of the faculties of the Earth Institute and the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, and an Adjunct Research Scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University. While a senior scientist at the Environmental Defense Fund from 1990-1993, she was co-PI of the 1992 award-winning exhibition, "Global Warming: Understanding the Forecast," produced jointly with the American Museum of Natural History. Other prior positions include staff scientist at the U.S. House of Representatives, oceanographer for the US Geological Survey, and Arctic researcher at the GeoMarine Research Institution (GEOMAR) in Kiel, Germany.
Education
- PhD, Oceanography and Oceanographic Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceangraphic Institution, 1985
- BA (high honors), Geology, Colgate University, 1978
External Links
Journal Articles
2023
Pfirman, S. L., G. Fondahl, G. Hovelsrud and T. Mustonen. 2023. Special Issue "Shaping Tomorrow's Arctic". Sustainability 15(4):3732. DOI: 10.3390/su15043732. (link )
2022
Schlosser, P., H. Eicken, V. Metcalf, S. L. Pfirman, M. Murray and C. M. Edwards. 2022. The Arctic highlights of our failure to act in a rapidly changing world. Sustainability 14(3):1882. DOI: 10.3390/su14031882. (link )
2021
Gold, A. U., S. Pfirman and G. A. Scowcroft. 2021. The imperative for polar education. Journal of Geoscience Education 69(2):97-99. DOI: 10.1080/10899995.2021.1903242. (link )
Newton, R., S. Pfirman, L. B. Tremblay and P. DeRepentigny. 2021. Defining the "ice shed" of the Arctic Ocean's last ice area and its future evolution. Earth's Future 9(9):e2021EF001988. DOI: 10.1029/2021EF001988 SECTIONSPDFPDF. (link )
O'Garra, T., D. Reckien, S. Pfirman, E. Bachrach Simon, G. H. Bachman, J. Brunacini and J. J. Lee. 2021. Impact of gameplay vs. reading on mental models of social-ecological systems: A fuzzy cognitive mapping approach. Ecology & Society 26(2):25. DOI: 10.5751/ES-12425-260225. (link )
Pfirman, S. L., L. Hamilton, M. Turrin, C. Narveson and C. A. Lloyd. 2021. Polar knowledge of US students as indicated by an online Kahoot! quiz game. Journal of Geoscience Education 69(2):150-165. DOI: 10.1080/10899995.2021.1877526. (link )
Pfirman, S. L., L. Hamilton, M. Turrin, C. Narveson and C. A. Lloyd. 2021. What do US students know about the polar regions?. Witness the Arctic Summer(1):. (link )
2018
Irwin, E. G., P. J. Culligan, M. Fischer-Kowalski, K. Lavender Law, R. Murtugudde and S. Pfirman. 2018. Bridging barriers to advance global sustainability. Nature Sustainability 1(Jul):324-326. DOI: 10.1038/s41893-018-0085-1. (link )
2017
Goldman, G. T., K. Mulvey, P. C. Frumhoff, S. Pfirman, R. Sethi and H. Commons. 2017. A methodology for assessment of corporate responsibility on climate change: A case study of the fossil energy industry. Journal of Environmental Investing 8(1):160-181. (link )
Newton, R., S. Pfirman, B. Tremblay and P. DeRepentigny. 2017. Increasing transnational sea-ice exchange in a changing Arctic Ocean. Earth's Future 5(6):633-647. DOI: 10.1002/2016EF000500. (link )
2016
DeRepentigny, P., B. Tremblay, R. Newton and S. Pfirman. 2016. Patterns of sea ice retreat in the transition to a seasonally ice-free Arctic. Journal of Climate 29(19):6993-7008. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0733.1. (link )
Newton, R., S. Pfirman, P. Schlosser, B. Tremblay, M. Murray and R. Pomerance. 2016. White Arctic vs. blue Arctic: A case study of diverging stakeholder responses to environmental change. Earth's Future 4(8):396-405. DOI: 10.1002/2016EF000356 . (link )
2012
Pfirman, S. and M. Begg. 2012. Troubled by interdisciplinarity?. Science DOI: 10.1126/science.caredit.a1200040. (link )
Schlosser, P. and S. Pfirman. 2012. Commentary: Earth science for sustainability. Nature Geoscience 5(Sep):587-588. DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1567. (link )
2011
Clark, S. G., M. M. Steen-Adams, S. Pfirman and R. L. Wallace. 2011. Professional development of interdisciplinary environmental scholars. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences `(2):99-113. DOI: 10.1007/s13412-011-0018-z. (link )
2009
Pfirman, S., B. Tremblay and C. Fowler. 2009. Going with the floe?. American Scientist 97(6):484-493. DOI: 10.1511/2009.81.484. (link )
2007
Laird, J. D., R. E. Bell, G. Downey and S. Pfirman. 2007. The science of diversity. Eos Transactions, American Geophysical Union 88(20):220. DOI: 10.1029/2007EO200007. (link )
Laird, J. D., R. E. Bell and S. Pfirman. 2007. Assessing the publication productivity and impact of eminent geoscientists. Eos Transactions, American Geophysical Union 88(38):370-371. DOI: 10.1029/2007EO380002. (link )
Masque, P., J. K. Cochran, D. J. Hirschberg, D. Hebbeln, A. Winkler and S. Pfirman. 2007. Radionuclides in Arctic sea ice: Tracers of sources, fates and ice transit time scales. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 54(8):1289-1310. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr.2007.04.016. (link )
Rhoten, D. and S. Pfirman. 2007. Women in interdisciplinary science: Exploring preferences and consequences. Research Policy 36(1):56-75. DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2006.08.001. (link )
Son, L. K., T. C. Kenna and S. L. Pfirman. 2007. A metacognitive pedagogy: The River Summer project. College Quarterly 10(2):. (link )
2005
Bell, R. E., J. D. Laird, S. L. Pfirman, J. Mutter, R. Balstad and M. Cane. 2005. An experiment in institutional transformation: The NSF ADVANCE Program for women at the Earth Institute at Columbia University. Oceanography 18(1):25-34. DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2005.67. (link )
Pfirman, S. L., S. J. Hall and T. Tietenberg. 2005. Environmental programs: Liberal arts colleges and interdisciplinary education. Environmental Science & Technology 39(10):221A-224A. DOI: 10.1021/es053270w. (link )
Pfirman, S. L., T. C. Kenna and J. Cronin. 2005. A “river summer” on the Hudson. Eos Transactions, American Geophysical Union 86(43):414. DOI: 10.1029/2005EO430003. (link )
2004
Pfirman, S., R. E. Bell, M. Turrin and P. Maru. 2004. Education and outreach for the International Polar Year. Eos Transactions, American Geophysical Union 85(49):537. DOI: 10.1029/2004EO490011. (link )
Pfirman, S., W. Haxby, R. Colony and I. Rigor. 2004. Variability in Arctic sea ice drift. Geophysical Research Letters 31(16):L16402. DOI: 10.1029/2004GL020063. (link )
Pfirman, S., W. Haxby, H. Eicken, M. Jeffries and D. Bauch. 2004. Drifting Arctic sea ice archives changes in ocean surface conditions. Geophysical Research Letters 31(19):L19401. DOI: 10.1029/2004GL020666. (link )
2003
Bell, R. E., K. A. Kastens, M. Cane, R. B. Miller, J. Mutter and S. L. Pfirman. 2003. Righting the balance: Gender diversity in the geosciences. EOS 84(31):292-293. (link )
2000
Hays, J. D., S. Pfirman, B. `. Blumenthal, K. A. Kastens and W. Menke. 2000. Earth science instruction with digital data. Computers & Geosciences 26(6):657-669. DOI: 10.1016/S0098-3004(99)00101-6. (link )
1999
Schlosser, P., R. Bayer, G. Bonisch, L. W. Cooper, B. Ekwurzel, W. J. Jenkins, S. Khatiwala, S. Pfirman and W. M. Smethie. 1999. Pathways and mean residence times of dissolved pollutants in the ocean derived from transient tracers and stable isotopes. Science of the Total Environment 237-238(Sep):15-30. DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00121-7. (link )
1997
Emery, W. J., C. Fowler, J. Maslanik and S. Pfirman. 1997. New satellite derived sea ice motion tracks Arctic contamination. Marine Polluntion Bulletin 35(7-12):345-352. DOI: 10.1016/S0025-326X(97)00152-5. (link )
Pfirman, S. L., R. Colony, D. Nurnberg, H. Eicken and I. G. Rigor. 1997. Reconstructing the origin and trajectory of drifting Arctic sea ice. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 102(C6):12575-12586. DOI: 10.1029/96JC03980. (link )
Pfirman, S. L., J. W. Kogeler and I. G. Rigor. 1997. Potential for rapid transport of contaminants from the Kara Sea. Science of The Total Environment 202(1-3):111-122. DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(97)00108-3. (link )
Shapiro Ledley, T. and S. L. Pfirman. 1997. The impact of sediment-laden snow and sea ice in the Arctic on climate. Climatic Change 37(4):641-664. DOI: 10.1023/A:1005354912379. (link )
1996
Pfirman, S. L., P. Schlosser and R. MacDonald. 1996. Assessment of contaminant risks in the Arctic. Arctic Research of the United States 10(Fall/Winter):11-23. (link )
1995
Pavlov, V. K. and S. L. Pfirman. 1995. Hydrographic structure and variability of the Kara Sea: Implications for pollutant distribution. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 42(6):1369-1390. DOI: 10.1016/0967-0645(95)00046-1. (link )
Pfirman, S. L., H. Eicken, D. Bauch and W. F. Weeks. 1995. The potential transport of pollutants by Arctic sea ice. Science of The Total Environment 159(2-3):129-146. DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(95)04174-Y. (link )
Pfirman, S. L., J. W. Kogeler and B. Anselme. 1995. Coastal environments of the western Kara and eastern Barents Seas. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 42(6):1391-1412. DOI: 10.1016/0967-0645(95)00047-X. (link )
Schlosser, P., J. H. Swift, D. Lewis and S. L. Pfirman. 1995. The role of the large-scale Arctic Ocean circulation in the transport of contaminants. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 42(6):1341-1367. DOI: 10.1016/0967-0645(95)00045-3. (link )
1994
Crane, K. and S. Pfirman. 1994. Regional distributions of contaminants in the Arctic. Arctic Research of the United States 8:116-122. (link )
Vogt, P. R., K. Crane, E. Sundvor, M. D. Max and S. L. Pfirman. 1994. Methane-generated (?) pockmarks on young, thickly sedimented oceanic crust in the Arctic: Vestnesa ridge. Fram strait. Geology 22(3):255-258. DOI: 10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0255:MGPOYT>2.3.CO;2 Standard View. (link )
1993
Zelig, E. and S. L. Pfirman. 1993. Handling a hot topic -- Global warming: Understanding the forecast. Curator the Museum Journal 36(4):256-271. DOI: 10.1111/j.2151-6952.1993.tb00801.x. (link )
1992
Goldschmidt, P. M., S. L. Pfirman, I. Wollenburg and R. Henrich. 1992. Origin of sediment pellets on the Arctic sea floor: Sea ice or icebergs?. Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers 39(2, Part 1):5539-5565. DOI: 10.1016/S0198-0149(06)80020-8. (link )
Pfirman, S. L. and J. Thiede. 1992. Bathymetrie und Plattentektonik der Fram Strasse zwischen Groenland und Svalbard. Geographische Rundschau 44:237-244.
1990
Thiede, J., A. Altenbach, U. Bleil, R. Botz, P. Mudie, S. Pfirman and E. Sundvor. 1990. Properties and history of the central eastern Arctic sea floor. Polar Record 26(156):1-6. DOI: 10.1017/S0032247400022695. (link )
Thiede, J., S. Pfirman, H. Schenke and W. Reil. 1990. Bathymetry of Molloy Deep: Fram Strait between Svalbard and Greenland. Marine Geophysical Research 12(3):197-214. DOI: 10.1007/BF02266713. (link )
1989
Elverhoi, A., S. L. Pfirman, A. Solheim and B. B. Larssen. 1989. Glaciomarine sedimentation on epicontinental seas exemplified by the northern Barents Sea. Marine Geology 85(2-4):225-250. DOI: 10.1016/0025-3227(89)90155-2. (link )
Pfirman, S., J. Gascard, I. Wollenburg, P. Mudie and A. Abelmann. 1989. Particle-laden Eurasian Arctic sea ice: Observations from July and August 1987. Polar Research 7(1):59-66. DOI: 10.3402/polar.v7i1.6830. (link )
Pfirman, S. L. and A. Solheim. 1989. Subglacial meltwater discharge in the open-marine tidewater glacier environment: Observations from Nordaustlandet, Svalbard Archipelago. Marine Geology 86(4):265-281. DOI: 10.1016/0025-3227(89)90089-3. (link )
1987
Pfirman, S. 1987. Sediment distribution of the Greenland Sea and the Fram Strait. Polar Research 5(3):319-320. DOI: 10.3402/polar.v5i3.6901. (link )
Pfirman, S. L. and J. D. Milliman. 1987. Morphology, geology and oceanography of the Hinlopen Strait and Trough, Svalbard, Norway. Polar Research 5(3):297-298. DOI: 10.3402/polar.v5i3.6893. (link )
1985
Solheim, A. and S. L. Pfirman. 1985. Sea-floor morphology outside a grounded, surging glacier: Bråsvellbreen, Svalbard. Marine Geology 65(1):127-143. DOI: 10.1016/0025-3227(85)90050-7. (link )
1982
Aubrey, D., D. C. Twichell and S. L. Pfirman. 1982. Holocene sedimentation in the shallow nearshore zone off Nausett Inlet, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Marine Geology 47(3-4):243-259. DOI: 10.1016/0025-3227(82)90071-8. (link )
Book Chapters
2019
Pfirman, S., R. C. Smardon and M. A. Reiter. 2019. Supporting sustainable human and environmental systems faculty. Pp. 216-227 In: Focht, W., M. A. Reiter, P. A. Barresi and R. C. Smardon eds., Education for Sustainable Human and Environmental Systems: From Theory to Practice. Routledge. ISBN: 9780815399520.
2017
Martin, P. J. and S. L. Pfirman. 2017. Facilitating interdisciplinary scholars. Pp. 586-600 In: Frodeman, R., J. T. Klein and R. C. Pacheco eds., Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity, 2nd Ed. Oxford University Press. Oxford, UK. ISBN: 978-0198733522.
2012
Kenna, T. C., M. Turrin and S. Pfirman. 2012. The "field" through a dfferent lens. Pp. 167-169 In: Kastens, K. A. and C. A. Manduca eds., Earth and Mind II: A Synthesis of Research on Thinking and Learning in the Geosciences. The Geological Society of America. ISBN: 9780813724867.
2010
Martin, P. J. and S. Pfirman. 2010. Fostering interdisciplinary scholars. In: Frodeman, R., J. T. Klein and R. C. Pacheco eds., The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity, 1st Ed. Oxford University Press.
2009
Pfirman, S. 2009. Changing in the north. Pp. 45-69 In: Schmidt, G. and J. Wolfe eds., Climate Change: Picturing the Science. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN: 978-0393331257.
2000
Schlosser, P., B. Ekwurzel, S. Khatiwala, B. Newton, W. Maslowski and S. Pfirman. 2000. Tracer studies of the Arctic freshwater budget. In: Lewis, E. L., E. P. Jones, P. Lemke, T. D. Prowse and P. Wadhams eds., The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean. Vol 70. Springer. Dordrecht. ISBN: 978-0-7923-6440-5. (link )
1998
Lange, M. and S. L. Pfirman. 1998. Arctic Sea contamination: Major characteristics and consequences. Pp. 651-682 In: Lepparanta, M. ed., Physics of Ice-Covered Seas. Vol II. Helsinki University Printing House. Helsinki. ISBN: 951-45-8226-8.
1995
Pfirman, S. L., H. Kassens and A. Solheim. 1995. Seafloor echo character of the northern Norwegian Greenland Sea. Pp. 14-16 In: Crane, K. ed., Seafloor Atlas of the Northern Norwegian-Greenland Sea. Norsk Polarinstitutt. Oslo, Norway. ISBN: 82-7666-089-4 . (link )
1994
Pfirman, S. L., D. Bauch and T. Gammelsrod. 1994. The northern Barents Sea: Water mass distribution and modification. Pp. 77-94 In: Johannessen, O. M., R. D. Muench and J. E. Overland eds., The Polar Oceans and Their Role in Shaping the Global Environment. Vol 85. American Geophysical Union. DOI: 10.1029/GM085p0077. ISBN: 9780875900421. (link )
1990
Pfirman, S., M. A. Lange, I. Wollenburg and P. Schlosser. 1990. Sea ice characteristics and the role of sediment inclusion in deep-sea deposition: Arctic -- Antarctic comparisons. Pp. 187-211 In: Bleil, U. and J. Thiede eds., Geologic History of the Polar Oceans: Arctic versus Antarctic. Vol 308. Kluwer Academic Publishers. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-2029-3_11. ISBN: 978-94-009-2029-3.
1989
Pfirman, S., I. Wollenburg, J. Thiede and M. A. Lange. 1989. Lithogenic sediment on Arctic pack ice: Potential aeolian flux and contribution to deep sea sediments. Pp. 463-493 In: Leinen, M. S. and M. Sarnthein eds., Paleoclimatology and Paleometeorology: Modern and Past Patterns of Global Atmospheric Transport. Vol 282. Springer. Dordrecht. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-0995-3_19. ISBN: 978-94-009-0995-3. (link )
1984
Butman, B., C. G. Bryden, S. L. Pfirman, W. Strahle and M. A. Noble. 1984. Long-term observations of bottom conditions and sediment movement on the Atlantic continental shelf; time-lapse photography from instrumented tripods. Pp. 414-415 In: Smith, P. F. ed., Underwater Photography: Scientific and Engineering Applications. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.. New York, NY. ISBN: 978-0442279622.
Presentations
2019
Pfirman, S. L., M. Turrin, L. Hamilton and C. A. Lloyd. 2019. Assessing student literacy through Kahoot! quizzes. Presentation at the The Geological Society of America, September 2019, Phoenix, AZ.
2014
Newton, R., S. L. Pfirman, B. Tremblay and P. Schlosser. 2014. Low order climate models as a tool for cross-disciplinary collaboration. Presentation at the American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, December 15-19, 2014, San Francisco, CA. (link )
2012
Pfirman, S. L., P. Schlosser, J. Lee, R. V. Steiner, E. B. Sparrow and M. Carr. 2012. Climate games in the classroom - Engaging problem-solving. Presentation at the American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, December 3-7, 2012, San Francisco, CA. (link )
2011
Winckler, G., S. L. Pfirman, J. D. Hays, P. Schlosser and M. Ting. 2011. Teaching climate change: A 16-year record of introducing undergraduates to the fundamentals of the climate system and its complexities. Presentation at the American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, December 5-9, 2011, San Francisco, CA. (link )
Reports
2014
Huntington, H. P., S. Pfirman, C. Ashjian, L. Bourgeau-Chavez, J. A. Francis, S. Haakanson, R. Hawley, T. Hepa, D. S. Hik, L. Hinzman, A. Lynch, A. M. Macrander, G. H. Miller, K. Moran, E. S. Mosley-Thompson, S. B. Mukasa, T. Weingartner, M. Walser, L. Brown, E. Finkelman, R. Gaskins, S. Freeland and R. Greenway. 2014. The Arctic in the Anthropocene: Emerging Research Questions. National Academy of Sciences. Report in Brief (link )
Report Chapters
2017
Rice, J., F. Mercier, B. Tremblay, S. L. Pfirman, C. Tesar, A. Mosbech, D. Boertman, T. Boye and T. Christensen. 2017. Remnant Arctic multi-year sea ice and the Northeast Water Polynya ecoregion. Pp. 71-77 In: Speer, L., R. Nelson, R. Casier, M. Gavrilo, C. von Quilifeldt, J. Cleary, P. Halpin and P. Hooper eds., Natural Marine World Heritage in the Arctic Ocean: Report of an Expert Workshop and Review Process. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Gland, Switzerland. (link )
1998
Barrie, L., E. Falck, D. J. Gregor, T. Iverson, H. Loeng, R. Macdonald, S. Pfirman, T. Skotvold and E. Wartena. 1998. The influence of physical and chemical processes on contaminant transport. Pp. 25-116 In: Gregor, D. J., H. Loeng and L. Barrie eds., AMAP Assessment Report: Arctic Pollution Issues.. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. Oslo, Norway. (link )